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USS ''Arizona'' was a built for and by the United States Navy in the mid-1910s. Named in honor of the 48th state's recent admission into the union, the ship was the second and last of the ''Pennsylvania'' class of "super-dreadnought" battleships. Although commissioned in 1916, the ship remained stateside during World War I. Shortly after the end of the war, ''Arizona'' was one of a number of American ships that briefly escorted President Woodrow Wilson to the Paris Peace Conference. The ship was sent to Turkey in 1919 at the beginning of the Greco-Turkish War to represent American interests for several months. Several years later, she was transferred to the Pacific Fleet and remained there for the rest of her career. Aside from a comprehensive modernization in 1929–31, ''Arizona'' was regularly used for training exercises between the wars, including the annual Fleet Problems (training exercises). When an earthquake struck Long Beach, California, in 1933, ''Arizona''s crew provided aid to the survivors. Two years later, the ship was featured in a Jimmy Cagney film, ''Here Comes the Navy'', about the romantic troubles of a sailor. In April 1940, she and the rest of the Pacific Fleet were transferred from California to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, as a deterrent to Japanese imperialism. During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, ''Arizona'' was bombed. She exploded and sank, killing 1,177 officers and crewmen. Unlike many of the other ships sunk or damaged that day, ''Arizona'' could not be fully salvaged, though the Navy removed parts of the ship for reuse. The wreck still lies at the bottom of Pearl Harbor and the USS ''Arizona'' Memorial, dedicated on 30 May 1962 to all those who died during the attack, straddles the ship's hull. == Description == The ''Pennsylvania''-class ships were significantly larger than their predecessors, the . ''Arizona'' had an overall length of , a beam of (at the waterline), and a draft of at deep load. This was longer than the older ships. She displaced at standard and at deep load, over more than the older ships. The ship had a metacentric height of at deep load.〔Friedman, p. 440.〕 The ship had four direct-drive Parsons steam turbine sets, each of which drove a propeller in diameter.〔Stillwell, p. 360.〕 They were powered by twelve Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers.〔 The turbines were designed to produce a total of , but only achieved during ''Arizona''s sea trials, when she met her designed speed of .〔Breyer, p. 214.〕 However, she did manage to reach during a full-power trial in September 1924.〔Stillwell, p. 305.〕 She was designed to normally carry of fuel oil, but had a maximum capacity of . At full capacity, the ship could steam at a speed of for an estimated with a clean bottom. She had four turbo generators.〔 ''Arizona'' carried twelve 45-caliber 14-inch guns in triple gun turrets.〔 The turrets were numbered from I to IV from front to rear. The guns could not elevate independently and were limited to a maximum elevation of +15° which gave them a maximum range of .〔Wright, pp. 66, 123, 285.〕 The ship carried 100 shells for each gun. Defense against torpedo boats was provided by twenty-two 51-caliber five-inch guns mounted in individual casemates in the sides of the ship's hull. Positioned as they were they proved vulnerable to sea spray and could not be worked in heavy seas.〔Friedman, pp. 116, 440.〕 At an elevation of 15°, they had a maximum range of .〔Campbell, p. 136.〕 Each gun was provided with 230 rounds of ammunition.〔 The ship mounted four 50-caliber three-inch guns for anti-aircraft defense, although only two were fitted when completed. The other pair were added shortly afterward on top of Turret III.〔Stillwell, p. 19.〕 ''Arizona'' also mounted two torpedo tubes and carried 24 torpedoes for them.〔 The ''Pennsylvania''-class design continued the all-or-nothing principle of armoring only the most important areas of the ship begun in the ''Nevada'' class. The waterline armor belt of Krupp armor measured thick and only covered the ship's machinery spaces and magazines. It had a total height of , of which was below the waterline; beginning below the waterline, the belt tapered to its minimum thickness of .〔 The transverse bulkheads at each end of the ship ranged from 13 to 8 inches in thickness. The faces of the gun turrets were thick while the sides were thick and the turret roofs were protected by of armor. The armor of the barbettes was thick. The conning tower was protected by of armor and had a roof eight inches thick.〔 The main armor deck was three plates thick with a total thickness of ; over the steering gear the armor increased to in two plates. Beneath it was the splinter deck that ranged from in thickness.〔Friedman, pp. 115, 118, 440.〕 The boiler uptakes were protected by a conical mantlet that ranged from in thickness.〔Stillwell, p. 359.〕 A three-inch torpedo bulkhead was placed inboard from the ship's side and the ship was provided with a complete double bottom. Testing in mid-1914 revealed that this system could withstand of TNT.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「USS Arizona (BB-39)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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